How Were the Theories of Henri Bergson Reflected in the Arts of the Late Nineteenth Century

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The philosophy of time of Henri Bergson and Russian culture of the nineteenth–early on twentieth centuries

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Abstract

The article provides proof that the concept of time articulated in Russian philosophy of the nineteenth century was very close to the understanding of time in the philosophy of Henri Bergson. This explains the shut attending of Russian culture to the philosophical system of the French thinker at the start of the twentieth century. Information technology besides allows us to hypothesize well-nigh the possible influence of the ideas of Russian philosophers of the late nineteenth century on Bergson (more specifically, the influence of the ideas of Leo Tolstoy is justified). Bergson's most original idea is the recognition of the metaphysical primacy of the subjective, inner time of the human in relation to physical time. In concrete time, only the moment of the present has real existence; in internal time, designated by Bergson equally duration, all moments of the past are preserved as existent, and this is expressed by memory. Internal time turns out to be the spiritual Absolute from which the entire textile world originates. A very similar metaphysical concept is presented in Pyotr Chaadaev's Philosophical Letters. According to Chaadaev, each person is directly involved in the spiritual Accented (God), which has the feature of integral fourth dimension. In this time, all moments are in unity, and in that location is no sectionalization into the by, present, and futurity; this division arises but in the time intrinsic to the material reality that originates from the spiritual Absolute. In the religious teaching of Leo Tolstoy, personality is divers as the advent of God within the limits of cloth existence, so a person is simultaneously involved in the earthly concrete time and absolute fourth dimension, which manifests itself through memory. The article concludes that Bergson's ideas determined the well-nigh important features of Russian advanced civilization of the twentieth century; in item, thanks to them, the opposite trends of Russian thought were brought to unity: metaphysics of pan-unity and personalism.

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Notes

  1. Fundamental research already exists on Bergson's influence on the European avant-garde; run into Antliff (1993).

  2. A detailed description of this topic is given in the work of Fink (1999), specifically on the influence of Bergson on Pavel Filonov; run across Epihin (1994).

  3. The surprisingly accurate artistic expression of this thought of Tolstoy is given in Andrei Tarkovsky'south moving picture Mirror. And here we need to talk not about accidental coincidence, but about conscious borrowing: Tarkovsky's diary entries from the fourth dimension of his piece of work on the Mirror show that he constantly read Tolstoy's late diaries and very vividly perceived the philosophical ideas expressed in them. In connection with the topic under consideration, it is interesting that modern researchers see in Tarkovsky's artistic method a clear influence of the Bergson concept of time-elapsing; come across Totaro (2000). We can say that the mentioned film and Tarkovsky'southward work on the whole provide very integral and artistically expressive show of the coincidence of the ideas about time and retentivity of Tolstoy and Bergson.

  4. Parallels between the ideas and images of Tolstoy'due south well-nigh famous works and Bergson'south ideas are briefly considered in the work (Fink 1999, pp. 13–15); a more detailed description of this topic, taking into business relationship not simply the creative, but also the religious and philosophical works of Tolstoy, can be plant in our previous works; see, for example, Evlampiev and Matveeva (2018).

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Acknowledgements

The research was carried out cheers to funding of Russian Scientific discipline Foundation (Project No. 21-eighteen-00153, Leningrad State University).

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Correspondence to Igor Evlampiev.

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Evlampiev, I., Matveeva, I. The philosophy of time of Henri Bergson and Russian culture of the nineteenth–early on twentieth centuries. Stud East Eur Idea (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-021-09416-3

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Keywords

  • Henri Bergson
  • Philosophy of time
  • Pyotr Chaadaev
  • Leo Tolstoy
  • Russian avant-garde

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